Research Studies

bibi bordoloi

bordoloi, bibi. (2021). A Study to Assess Knowledge, Attitude and Self Care Practices Regarding Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus among the Patients (Type-2 Dm) in Selected Hospitals of Guwahati, Assam with a View to Prepare an Information Booklet. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR21903105440

Mary Thérèse Cunningham, Malachi McKenna. (2013)

Kumar, R., Gupta, R.D., Shetty, S. et al (2021)

Kumar, R., Gupta, R.D., Shetty, S. et al. Lipohypertrophy in insulin injecting patients with diabetes mellitus: an under-recognized barrier for glycemic control. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 41, 329–336 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-020-00889-2

Xuehang Lou*, Xudan Wu and Sha Jia

Lou X, Wu X and Jia S (2026) Effectiveness of a structured special quality management program on insulin injection practices among community-dwelling patients with diabetes in a county district: a pre-post intervention study. Front. Public Health 14:1809596. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1809596

Tirekha Suyamprakasam Vimala , Sree Yazhini Ramar , Bheemanathi Hanuman Srinivas , Teertha Thamminaina , Kolluri Jhansi Rani , Sheetanshu Kumar

Tirekha Suyamprakasam Vimala, Sree Yazhini Ramar, Bheemanathi Hanuman Srinivas, Teertha Thamminaina, Kolluri Jhansi Rani, Sheetanshu Kumar, Localized acanthosis nigricans at insulin injection site in a patient with type 1 diabetes, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2025;, hcaf267, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaf267

Qin Zhang1†, Yan Zhu2†, Li Wang3, Li Xiao4, Fang Gao1, Ping Jia3* and Xiaobin Tang5

Zhang, Q., Zhu, Y., Wang, L. et al. Prevalence of insulin injection-induced lipohypertrophy detected by ultrasound: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 26, 663 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26332-5

Anders H. Frid, Gillian Kreugel, Giorgio Grassi, Serge Halimi, Debbie Hicks and Laurence J. Hirsch

Frid AH, Kreugel G, Grassi G, Halimi S, Hicks D, Hirsch LJ, Smith MJ, Wellhoener R, Bode BW, Hirsch IB, Kalra S, Ji L, Strauss KW. New Insulin Delivery Recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Sep;91(9):1231-55. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.010. PMID: 27594187.

Harriet L. Miles and Carlo L. Acerini

Miles, Harriet L., and Carlo L. Acerini. "Insulin analog preparations and their use in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus." Pediatric Drugs, vol. 10, no. 3, May-June 2008, pp. 163+. InfoTrac Medical Collection (IMedC), link.gale.com/apps/doc/A199991142/SPJ.SP03?u=krishna_med_sc&sid=bookmark-SPJ.SP03&xid=78eeaa18

Theresa Torrance

Torrance, Theresa. "Effect of insulin needle reuse, size and site of injection on the risk of bending and breaking." Journal of Diabetes Nursing, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 29+. InfoTrac Medical Collection (IMedC), link.gale.com/apps/doc/A181966103/SPJ.SP03?u=krishna_med_sc&sid=bookmark-SPJ.SP03&xid=d8983e99

Yotsapon Thewjitcharoen, Hussamon Prasartkaew, Phatharaporn Tongsumrit, Saruda Wongjom, Chatnapa Boonchoo and Siriwan Butadej

Thewjitcharoen Y, Prasartkaew H, Tongsumrit P, Wongjom S, Boonchoo C, Butadej S, Nakasatien S, Karndumri K, Veerasomboonsin V, Krittiyawong S, Himathongkam T. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Characteristics of Lipodystrophy in Insulin-Treated Patients with Diabetes: An Old Problem in a New Era of Modern Insulin. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:4609-4620 https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S282926

Zenebe Negash, Aklasiya Tadiwos, Eliyas Mulatu Urgessa, Gebremedhin Beedemariam Gebretekle, Ephrem Abebe and Atalay Mulu Fentie

Negash, Z., Tadiwos, A., Urgessa, E.M. et al. Insulin injection practice and health related quality of life among individuals with diabetes at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 21, 38 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-023-02123-z

Amal Ilyan, Dania Abuhalima, Samah W. Al-Jabi and Sa'ed H. Zyoud

Ilyan, A., Abuhalima, D., Al-Jabi, S.W. et al. Assessment of diabetes knowledge, hypoglycaemia awareness, and adherence to insulin pen usage practices among diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study of determinants and educational needs. BMC Public Health 25, 2305 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23566-7

Mark F. Lutz, Stuart T. Haines, Christine A. Lesch and Paul M. Szumita

Mark F. Lutz, Stuart T. Haines, Christine A. Lesch, Paul M. Szumita, Facilitating the safe use of insulin pens in hospitals through a mentored quality-improvement program, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Volume 73, Issue 19_Supplement_5, 1 October 2016, Pages S17–S31, https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp160417

Alaa H. Mohamed, Maggie M. Abbassi and Nirmeen A. Sabry

Mohamed, A.H., Abbassi, M.M. & Sabry, N.A. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of insulin among diabetic patients and pharmacists in Egypt: “cross-sectional observational study”. BMC Med Educ 24, 390 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05367-5

Muneeb-ur-Rehman, Bilal Ahmed and Khurshid Muhammad Uttra

Assessment of Insulin Injection Practices in Patients With Diabetes Presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, vol. 75, 31 Jan. 2025, p. S20. InfoTrac Medical Collection (IMedC), link.gale.com/apps/doc/A827964804/SPJ.SP03?u=krishna_med_sc&sid=bookmark-SPJ.SP03&xid=5947fe0b. Accessed 20 June 2026.

Anan S. Jarab, Walid A. Al-Qerem, Salam Alqudah, Karem H. Alzoubi, Shrouq R. Abu Heshmeh and Yazid N. Al Hamarneh

Jarab AS, Al-Qerem WA, Alqudah S, Alzoubi KH, Abu Heshmeh SR, Al Hamarneh YN, et al. (2026) Correction: Insulin-self administration among individuals with diabetes: Implications for improved practices. PLoS One 21(1): e0341749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341749

Frans N. Ndara and Vistolina Nuuyoma

Ndara, F., & Nuuyoma, V. (2023). Patients’ lived experiences of self-injectable diabetes treatment: A phenomenological study. Health SA Gesondheid, 28, 10 pages. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v28i0.2359

Beshir Bedru Nasir, Miftah Shafi Buseir and Oumer Sada Muhammed

Nasir BB, Buseir MS, Muhammed OS (2021) Knowledge, attitude and practice towards insulin self-administration and associated factors among diabetic patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0246741. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246741

Preethi Mehta, Sivagourounadin Kiruthika and Karthik Balajee Laksham

Mehta, Preethi1; Kiruthika, Sivagourounadin2; Laksham, Karthik Balajee3. Effectiveness of health education on insulin injection technique in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A quasi-experimental Pre-test post-test research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 13(11):p 5101-5107, November 2024. | DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_543_24

Muhammad Sajid Mehmood, Muhammad Wajad Munir, Sana Sehrish and Naila Sardar

"Knowledge of Diabetic Patients about Insulin Injection Technique." Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, vol. 58, no. 2, 30 June 2019, p. 73. InfoTrac Medical Collection (IMedC), link.gale.com/apps/doc/A596624511/SPJ.SP03?u=krishna_med_sc&sid=bookmark-SPJ.SP03&xid=63f3e7cb

Adeladlew Kassie Netere, Eyayaw Ashete, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes and Sewunet Admasu Belachew

Netere, A.K., Ashete, E., Gebreyohannes, E.A. et al. Evaluations of knowledge, skills and practices of insulin storage and injection handling techniques of diabetic patients in Ethiopian primary hospitals. BMC Public Health 20, 1537 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09622-4

Sirajudeen Shaik Alavudeen, Md Sayeed Akhtar, Sultan Mohammed Alshahrani, Vigneshwaran Easwaran, Asif Ansari Shaik Mohammad and Noohu Abdulla Khan

Shaik Alavudeen S, Akhtar MS, Alshahrani SM, Easwaran V, Shaik Mohammad AA, Abdulla Khan N, Hussein AT, Almujri SS, Alshaiban AS, Orayj K. 2025. A cross-sectional study evaluating insulin injection techniques and the impact of instructions from various healthcare professionals on insulin users in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. PeerJ 13:e19394 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19394

Mousa Abujbara, Eiman A. Khreisat, Yousef Khader and Kamel M. Ajlouni

Abujbara M, Khreisat EA, Khader Y, Ajlouni KM. Effect of Insulin Injection Techniques on Glycemic Control Among Patients with Diabetes. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:8593-8602 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S393597

Mashael Abdulhalim Huwaikem, Ahmed M. Alrajeh, Gulzarull Hasan, Yousef Saad Aldabayan, Aishah Abdulrahman Almefarfesh and Lubna Abdulraman Alnaim

Huwaikem MA, Alrajeh AM, Hasan MG, Aldabayan YS, Almefarfesh AA, Alnaim LA, Mousa O. Knowledge and Practices of Insulin Injection and Medical Waste Disposal Among Patients with Diabetes in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: a Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med. 2025;18:1903-1916 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S478240

Matthew T. Drake and Steven A. Smith

Drake M, Smith S Optimizing Insulin Delivery in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Still Room for Improvement Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 91, 1155-1157

Tsehaye Alemseged, Abdikarin Ahmed Mohamed, Abraha Gebreegziabher Hailu, Fikaden Berhe Hadgu and Mohammed Mustefa Mohammedamin

Alemseged, T., Mohamed, A.A., Hailu, A.G. et al. Prevalence and associated factors of lipodystrophy in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr 24, 548 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-024-05018-0

Lixin Guo, Qiu Zhang, Yaoming Xue, Xingwu Ran, Liming Chen and Sheng Jiang

Guo L, Zhang Q, Xue Y, Ran X, Chen L, Jiang S,Liu D,Ji Q, Liu J A Nationwide Cross-sectional Survey of Knowledge and Practices of Diabetes Drug Injection Techniques of Patients, Nurses, and Physicians Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2023; 98, 1482-1500

Saiyu Gao, Pan Su, Hongxia Zhuo, Lan Hu, Yun Peng and Liaofang Wu

Gao S, Su P, Zhuo H, Hu L, Peng Y, Wu L. Barriers to the Prevention of Insulin Injection-Associated Lipohypertrophy for Individuals with Diabetes. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2025;19:3549-3557 https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S541975

Dennis Patson Mbwambo, Wigilya Mikomangwa, Rajabu Hussein Mkugwe, Bertha Mallya, Manase Kilonzi and Method Kazaura

Mbwambo DP, Mikomangwa W, Mkugwe RH, Mallya B, Kilonzi M, Kazaura M, et al. (2026) Skin-related adverse events and their associated factors among Diabetic patients on insulin therapy. PLoS One 21(2): e0320556. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320556

Sara Elizabeth Yap, MD, Amany Gerges, MD, Joseph Oliva, PharmD, and Thaer Idrees, MD

Yap SE, Gerges A, Oliva J, Idrees T. LBSUN294 Insulin-induced Abdominal Acanthosis Nigricans From High Doses Of Insulin U-500. J Endocr Soc. 2022 Nov 1;6(Suppl 1):A292. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvac150.602. PMCID: PMC9629377.

Unyime Sunday Jasper1*, Macmillian Chinonso Opara1, Edna Bawa Pyiki1 and Olayinka Akinrolie2

Jasper et al.: Knowledge of insulin use and its determinants among Nigerian insulin requiring diabetes patients. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2014 13:10.doi:10.1186/2251-6581-13-10

Joaquina Huarte-Royo 1 , Inés Mera-Gallego 1,2 , Rosa María Ríos-Quintás 1 , José Antonio Fornos-Pérez 1,2 ,, J. Carlos Andrés-Iglesias 2 , N. Floro Andrés-Rodríguez

Huarte-Royo J, Mera-Gallego I, Ríos-Quintás RM, Fornos-Pérez JA, Andrés-Iglesias JC, Andrés-Rodríguez NF. Validación del cuestionario JH-SEFAC de conocimiento sobre el manejo de insulinas por pacientes con diabetes en farmacia comunitaria. Farm Comunitarios. 2024 Oct 15;16(4):36-60. doi:10.33620/FC.2173-9218.(2024).26

Rania Osman A 1 , Osman Amir 2, A bstr A ct

Osman AR, Amir O. Assessment of the knowledge on insulin therapy among adult diabetics patients in Jabir Abuleiz center, Khartoum, Sudan. J Family Med Prim Care 2022;11:2643-7

Swekriti Puri 1 Prabesh Baniya 2, Keywords: diabetes mellitus | health education | hyperglycemia | insulin administration | knowledge | practice

S. Puri and P. Baniya, “Assessment of Knowledge on Insulin Administration Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Kathmandu Valley.” Public Health Challenges4, no. 4 (2025): e70164. https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.70164

Mannucci, Edoardo, Pintaudi, Basilio, Lunati, Maria Elena, Fiorina, Paolo

Mannucci, E., Pintaudi, B., Lunati, M.E. et al. Needle characteristics and the insulin injection experience in patients with diabetes. Acta Diabetol 62, 1371–1393 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-025-02538-8

Gopikrishnan Anjaneyan, Susanna Thresia Joseph, Praveen V Pavithran, Lalitha Biswas, Anil Kumar, Malini Eapen

Anjaneyan G, Joseph ST, Pavithran PV, et al Mycobacterium lentiflavum complicating insulin injection sitesBMJ Case Reports CP 2026;19:e266835.

Lilian Tzivian, Jelizaveta Sokolovska, Anna E. Grike, Agate Kalcenaua, Abraham Seidmann and Arriel Benis

Tzivian, L., Sokolovska, J., Grike, A.E. et al. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the quality of life of Type 1 diabetes patients using insulin pumps and of those receiving multiple daily insulin injections. Health Qual Life Outcomes 20, 120 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-022-02029-2

Aya Torii-Goto, Kana Hirai, Yuri Inukai, Yoshimi Hoshina, Kazumi Shiomi and Junko Ito

Torii-Goto, A., Hirai, K., Inukai, Y. et al. Investigation of appropriate needle length considering skin thickness with the real injection posture for insulin injections in diabetic patients. J Pharm Health Care Sci 9, 19 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-023-00288-9

Danil E. Kladov, Vladimir B. Berikov, Julia F. Semenova and Vadim V. Klimontov

Kladov, D.E.; Berikov, V.B.; Semenova, J.F.; Klimontov, V.V. Nocturnal Glucose Patterns with and without Hypoglycemia in People with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Multiple Daily Insulin Injections. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101454

Zhan-He Sun, Cheng-Hong Yu and Xin Wang

Sun ZH, Yu CH, Wang X. Exploring the Diagnostic Value of High-Frequency Ultrasound Technology for Subcutaneous Lipohypertrophy in Diabetes Patients Receiving Insulin Injections. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2024;17:1359-1366 https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S443737

Ji Xu, Fuming Cheng, Ying Dai, Shuting Yu, Wanjun Chen and Ruhai Zhou

Xu J, Cheng F, Dai Y, Yu S, Chen W, Zhou R. Efficacy of Sound Touch Elastography in Assessing Subcutaneous Lipohypertrophy from Insulin Injections. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2024;17:4417-4424 https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S49053

Eirini Pizirtzidou, Chrysovalantis Karagkounis, Niki Katsiki, Kyriakos Kazakos, Emir Muzurovic and Evgenia Minasidou

Pizirtzidou E, Karagkounis C, Bellali T, Katsiki N, Kazakos K, Muzurović E, Minasidou E. Identification of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Self-Management Structured Education Programs for People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mixed Methodology Systematic Review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2026;19:598765 https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S598765

Rabab Hashem, Henrietta Mulnier, Haya Abu Ghazaleh, Susan Halson-Brown, Maria Duaso, Rebecca Rogers, Janaka Karalliedde, Angus Forbes

Hashem R, Mulnier H, Abu Ghazaleh H, Halson-Brown S, Duaso M, Rogers R, et al. Characteristics and morphology of lipohypertrophic lesions in adults with type 1 diabetes with ultrasound screening: an exploratory observational study. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 2021;9:e002553. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002553

Rajinder Kumar, Riddhi Das Gupta, Sahana Shetty, C. S. Prabhu, Kirthi Sathyakumar, Mahesh Doddabelavangala Mruthyunjaya, Felix K. Jebasingh, Mercy Inbakumari, Flory Christina, H. S. Asha, Thomas Vizhalil Paul, Nihal Thomas

Kumar, R., Gupta, R.D., Shetty, S. et al. Lipohypertrophy in insulin injecting patients with diabetes mellitus: an under-recognized barrier for glycemic control. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 41, 329–336 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-020-00889-2

SusanaR.Patton, Sally Eder, Jennifer Schwab & Christine M. Sisson (2010)

Patton SR, Eder S, Schwab J, Sisson CM. Survey of insulin site rotation in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Health Care. 2010 Nov-Dec;24(6):365-71. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.11.002. Epub 2010 Jan 6. PMID: 20971411; PMCID: PMC3298887.

Mary Cunningham, Malachi J. McKenna

Cunningham MT, McKenna MJ (2013) Lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetes: Prevalence and associated risk factors. Journal of Diabetes Nursing 17: 340–3. https://diabetesonthenet.com/wp-content/uploads/jdn17-9-340-3-1.pdf

Lin, Y., Lin, L., Wang, W. et al. (2022)

Lin, Y., Lin, L., Wang, W. et al. Insulin-related lipohypertrophy: ultrasound characteristics, risk factors, and impact of glucose fluctuations. Endocrine 75, 768–775 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02904-w

Noura Mahmoud Elrefaey, Mona Gamal Mohamed and Hoda Abdou Abd El-Monem El-Deeb

Noura Mahmoud Elrefaey, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Hoda Abdou Abd El-Monem El-Deeb, Ameliorating Insulin Injection Site Rotation and its Impact on Lipohypertrophy Incidence and Glycemic Control in Patients with Diabetes, New Emirates Medical Journal,Volume 5,2024,ISSN 0250-6882,https://doi.org/10.2174/0102506882311972240918075705.

Bhupamani Talukdar, Anurupa Dutta, Lt. Col M Jayalakshmi (2021)

Talukdar B, Dutta A, Jayalakshmi M. A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Insulin Self Administration among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Selected Hospitals of Guwahati, Assam International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 SJIF (2019): 7.583DOI: 10.21275/SR21315221033

Venkataraman A P, Laxminarayana Kamath, Samhita Shankar (2020)

Venkataraman A P, Kamath L, Shankar S. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Insulin Use of Diabetic Patients in India, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Volume 5 No. 1 April 2020 ISSN:2527-7322 | e-ISSN: 2614-0020 doi: 10.15416/pcpr.v4i3.26564

Manash P Baruah1, Sonali B Bhuyan, Sanjay Kalra, Mangesh H Tiwaskar (2017)

Baruah MP, Bhuyan SB, Kalra S, Tiwaskar MH. Diabetes in India's North East Study: Prevailing Insulin Usage and Insulin Injection Practices amongst Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2023 Aug;71(8):11-12. doi: 10.59556/japi.71.0323. PMID: 37651245.

Carina Kirstine Klarskov, Yasmin Hassan Hamid, Rasmus Tjalk-Bøggild, Lise Tarnow, and Peter Lommer Kristensen (2021)

Klarskov CK, Hamid YH, Tjalk-Bøggild R, Tarnow L, Kristensen PL. A New Medical Device for Improved Rotation of Insulin Injections in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2021;15(5):1111-1120. doi:10.1177/1932296820950688

Berard, L.D., Pockett, S.A., Roscoe, R.S. et al (2020)

Berard, L.D., Pockett, S.A., Roscoe, R.S. et al. A Coloured Pen Needle Education System Improves Insulin Site Rotation Habits: Results of a Randomized Study. Diabetes Ther 11, 2979–2991 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-020-00939-2

Anjana Barola, Pramil Tiwari, Anil Bhansali, Sandeep Grover, Devi Dayal (2021)

Barola A, Tiwari P, Bhansali A, Grover S and Dayal D (2018) Insulin-Related Lipohypertrophy: Lipogenic Action or Tissue Trauma?. Front. Endocrinol. 9:638. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00638

Manjula GB, Saravana A (2015)

Manjula GB, Saravana A, (2015), "Problems Associated with Insulin Administration Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus", International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(5), 160-164. https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SUB154014, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SUB154014